What is the Difficulty in Mass Production of Solid-state battery

Tech 2023-06-23 08:37:20 Source: Network

Solid-state battery not only has high safety and high energy density, but also has excellent "high and low temperature" performance. Its various advantages make people look forward to it

Toyota Motor Corporation recently announced at the technical briefing that it has found good materials to commercialize Solid-state battery from 2027 to 2028, and put pure electric vehicles equipped with all Solid-state battery on the market. However, because Toyota did not release convincing technical details, public opinion questioned.

Solid-state battery not only has high safety and high energy density, but also has excellent "high and low temperature" performance. Its various advantages make people look forward to it. It is regarded as the next generation power battery, and is also the strategic commanding height of competition among countries. Thirty years ago, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory of the United States claimed to have created Solid-state battery, but unfortunately it has not been able to achieve mass production. In the past two years, with the popularity of new energy vehicles around the world, many enterprises have reported the progress in mass production of Solid-state battery, but after the news was exposed, there was no following.

According to the material system, the current Solid-state battery can be divided into three Technology roadmap. Japan and South Korea bet on the sulfide system, with Europe mainly using polymer routes and China mainly using oxides. Among them, Japanese and Korean companies, represented by Toyota, Samsung SDI, Hitachi, etc., have deep technological accumulation, obvious first-mover advantages, and a clear trend in joint research and development. However, these three Technology roadmap all have corresponding basic shortcomings that need to be solved urgently.

Specifically, the air stability of sulfide electrolytes is poor, and when exposed to the air, toxic gases will be generated. At the same time, accompanied by the destruction of electrolyte structure and the attenuation of electrochemical performance, the synthesis, storage, transportation, and post-treatment processes of sulfide electrolytes need to heavily rely on inert gases or drying chambers; Polymer electrolyte has low ionic conductivity at room temperature, which makes polymer Solid-state battery charging need to be completed at high temperature, greatly limiting its commercialization; Most oxide electrolytes have a wide electrochemical stability "window" and better oxidation stability, but in order to ensure good interface contact between rigid oxide electrolytes and cathode materials, high-temperature sintering is often required, otherwise it will lead to serious interface chemical side reactions. In addition, some oxide electrolytes also have lithium dendrite growth issues.

At the same time, cost is also a difficult barrier for enterprises to overcome. At present, the cost of semi Solid-state battery is much higher than that of commercial liquid battery. According to industry research and calculations, taking NCM811 liquid cells and NCM811 semi solid cells as examples, the cost of semi solid cells has increased by about 80% compared to that of liquid cells. Among them, the cost of solid electrolyte is the main new cost and the main cost of semi Solid-state battery, accounting for about 50%. Due to such factors as the change of electrolyte materials, the change of production process, and the long engineering verification cycle caused by the lack of experience in product quality control, the cost of all Solid-state battery will be higher than that of semi Solid-state battery.

There are five main indicators to measure whether a power battery can ultimately be mass-produced, namely energy density, charge discharge rate performance, cost, safety, and cycle life. The laboratory research results of power batteries generally achieve significant breakthroughs in one or several indicators at a certain stage, and only by meeting the requirements of five indicators can mass production be possible. In other words, as far as the current R&D progress of major enterprises is concerned, Solid-state battery seem to be "tuyere" coming, but in fact, "road resistance is long", and mass production is still quite difficult.

Compared to structural innovation, improvements in battery materials are slower and indeed more difficult. However, difficulty does not mean not to do it. We often say that we should do "difficult but correct things", which is reasonable. From the perspective of technological transformation, the innovation of power battery technology has played a major driving role in the current development of automotive electrification. The reason why China's new energy automobile industry can lead the world is that we have achieved a breakthrough in power batteries and created a global power battery giant like CATL.

In the industrial transformation driven by the "dual carbon" goal, power battery innovation has become the key to strengthening the competitive level of new energy vehicles, building national industrial competitiveness, and stabilizing enterprise competitive advantages. Whether it is the first country or the catch-up country of new energy vehicles, or the main enterprises of the power battery chain, they are all aiming at new technologies and deploying Solid-state battery. This is both a huge challenge and a rare opportunity. The advantages of a super large scale market, leading overall industry competitiveness, and constantly rising innovation capabilities have made it more advantageous for China to seize the strategic high ground of power batteries.

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