Boost knowledge! Indecisive, quantum mechanics

Tech 2023-05-12 07:45:53 Source: Network

In order to survive, humans have made tremendous efforts and sacrifices to win the victory of evolution, but the pace of evolution has never stoppedThe pursuit of progress by humans is endless, and the exploration of improving the speed of computer processing of information is equally persistent. As one of the greatest inventions in human history,Classic computerIt has brought great convenience to our production and life

In order to survive, humans have made tremendous efforts and sacrifices to win the victory of evolution, but the pace of evolution has never stopped

The pursuit of progress by humans is endless, and the exploration of improving the speed of computer processing of information is equally persistent. As one of the greatest inventions in human history,Classic computerIt has brought great convenience to our production and life.

Classic computer

One of its limiting factors isThermal dissipation effectIn the process of information processing, electrical energy is converted into thermal energy and dissipated into the atmosphere. However, there is an upper limit on the heat dissipation speed of materials, which limits the integration of components and thus limits the speed of information processing. Finding new information processing methods will be a more radical approach than finding new materials with better heat dissipation speed. In addition, the manufacturing process of chips is also a major factor. The integration level of microprocessor chip components is further improved, and the size is becoming smaller and smaller, inevitably reaching the atomic scale from the nanoscale. Its motion laws cannot be explained by Newtonian mechanics.

Source: pixabay

Classical mechanics doesn't work? "If you don't make up your mind, quantum mechanics" is right this time. quantum computer based on quantum mechanics and with quantum mechanics as the law of motion came into being.

Performance is growing exponentially!Classic computer

Quantum computer, using the physical laws of atoms, electrons and other microscopic materialsThe properties of quantum mechanics enable the processing of information, which is represented by quantum bits and complex quantum algorithms are implemented using techniques such as quantum entanglement.

Source: pixabay

Classic computerbit01

Assuming there is a traditional computer with four bits, which can only obtain one state per second, it takes 16 seconds to obtain all states. But a four qubit quantum computer can simultaneously calculate all permutations and combinations from 0000 to 1111. At this time, a quantum computer is equivalent to the efficiency of 16 traditional computers running simultaneously.With the increase of the number of bits, the performance gap between quantum computer and traditional computer grows exponentially.

We may have heard a story about a king who, after losing a chess game, wanted to reward a player by placing a grain of wheat in the first grid of the board, with the next grid being a multiple of the previous grid, but found it almost impossible to fill 64 grid spaces (2 to the 64th power). Similar to this story,The characteristic of quantum superposition enables quantum memory to have extremely high storage capacity, and theoretically, the capacity of quantum storage can also grow exponentially.

Meanwhile, in the special quantum state of quantum entanglement, two or more particles are connected together in a special way, so that even if the particles are far apart, the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of other particles. This is called "entanglement" between particles, and any change in the quantum state of one particle will be reflected in the quantum state of another particle.

Source: Bilibili

Quantum entanglement can be used to build the quantum gate of quantum computer, and can also realize quantum storage to store the input and output of quantum algorithm. In addition, quantum entanglement can also be used to realize quantum transmission, that is, to transmit quantum information between different parts of a quantum computer.

What is the difference between drilling wood for fire and i9 processors?The development of quantum computer faces these challenges

The performance of quantum computer depends on the number of built-in quantum bits, and the specific performance index is "quantum volume". In terms of movie settings, the quantum volume of the 550W quantum computer in Wandering Earth 2 is 8192, and the quantum bits reach more than 8000.

So, what is the performance of quantum computer in reality?

Public information shows that the IBM quantum computer, which is currently leading in performance, has a quantum volume of 128 and a quantum bit of 433.

Source: Network

With the increase of quantum bits, the difficulty of research and development has also skyrocketed.The difference between an ideal quantum computer and a leading quantum computer in reality is 64 times in quantum volume and nearly 20 times in quantum bits. As a netizen once said, the gap between the current quantum computer and the MOSS in the film is about the same as the difference between drilling wood to make fire and the i9 processor.

Some experts believe that stability may be the biggest challenge facing quantum computer. The operation of quantum computer depends on quantum bits, and the stability of quantum bits is very fragile, which is easily affected by the external environment and changes, which leads to unpredictable operation results of quantum computer. If we want to make quantum computer play a maximum role, we must solve the problem of quantum stability.

Thus, the dependence on absolute low temperature, which is a big "threshold" for the development of quantum computer, can be introduced.Quantum entanglement is highly susceptible to the influence of electromagnetic radiation, temperature, and mechanical vibration. As the number of quantum bits increases, the above effects will become more intense. In order to minimize the noise in quantum computing, the scheme of running quantum computer at 0 Kelvin (- 273.15 ) is generally adopted at present. This will increase the cost of quantum computer and reduce the possibility of large-scale commercial application.

Source: Xinhua News Agency

At the same time, because quantum computer needs to calculate massive data, quantum computer also needs a storage system no less than a large database machine room to store the data to be calculated.To achieve the level of being like a small suitcase in a movie requires not only quantum computing but also corresponding storage technology.

In addition, at present, the programming language and programming model of quantum computer are still in the early stage of development. The lack of a unified programming model and programming language limits the application of quantum computer. Moreover, the algorithm research of quantum computer has just started, and there is still a lack of effective quantum algorithms.

It is understood that,Academics divide the development of quantum computing into three stages: "realizing the advantages of quantum computing", "realizing a dedicated quantum simulator" and "building a programmable universal quantum computer".At present, the global quantum computer research and development has achieved the goal of the first phase, and achieving the goal of the second phase is the current main research task. It will take at least 10 to 15 years to achieve the application demonstrated by 550W.

The competition for building practical quantum computer is fierce!Global Quantum Computing Technology Development "Blooming Flowers"

The concept of quantum computing has been proposed since the 1980s. The 550 series setting is a bit of science fiction, but it is in line with human expectations for quantum computer - opening the next computing era.

2012quantum supremacyClassic computerClassic computer

With the proposal of this concept, the research and layout of quantum computer in the world have accelerated significantly.Currently, over 20 countries have proposed support policies for quantum computing, and over 250 companies worldwide have explicitly developed quantum computing projects. Quantum computing may have become the next hot topic in global technological competition.

In a report on February 6 on the website of Nature, it was mentioned that the race to build a practical quantum computer is entering a new stage.At present, the route of quantum computing technology has shown a trend of "letting a hundred flowers bloom", with superconductivity, ion traps, neutral atoms and other "letting a hundred flowers bloom".

In the quantum computer plans of various countries, thousands of bits of quantum computer are expected to be launched to the market between 2023 and 2025. According to foreign media, IBM's roadmap for the development of quantum computing software shows that it will launch a quantum processor with thousands of qubits, stable operation and noise resistance in 2023, which indicates that quantum computer will soon be commercialized. Google also said that by 2030, it will build a quantum computer that can hold 1 million qubits.

Source: IBM

In recent years, quantum computing in China has also experienced rapid development. The "Nine Chapters" and "Zuchongzhi" of quantum computer came out successively.

According to Science and Technology Daily, Benyuan Quantum, located in Hefei, China, has developed several Chinese quantum computer and successfully delivered a quantum computer to customers. The successful delivery of the quantum computer makes China the third country in the world with the ability to deliver quantum computer complete machines.

In addition, according to the report of Guangming Daily on March 15, Chinese scientists have achieved 100 megabit rate real-time quantum key distribution internationally by developing high fidelity integrated photonics quantum state control, high count rate superconducting single photon detection and other key technologies, and the experimental results have raised the previous record of coding rate by an order of magnitude.

to examine:Zhang Ningplan:Li ZhengweiAuthor:Kong FanxinEdit:Mu Ziye, Li Fei

Reference | Guangming Daily, Science and Technology Daily, Reference News, CCTV Network, 36 Krypton, Computer enthusiasts, Gezhi Lundao Forum

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Source: World Internet Congress

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